Brain functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging of obesity and weight loss interventions
Jaacks LM, Vandevijvere S, Pan A, McGowan CJ, Wallace C, Imamura F, et al. The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7:231–40.
Google Scholar
WHO. Fact sheet: obesity and overweight. February 2018 2018-10-20: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.
Obesity in China: time to act. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;7:231–40 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(21)00150-9/fulltext.
Wang L, Zhou B, Zhao Z, Yang L, Zhang M, Jiang Y, et al. Body-mass index and obesity in urban and rural China: findings from consecutive nationally representative surveys during 2004-18. Lancet 2021;398:53–63.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Zhao L, Gao L, Pan A, Xue H. Health policy and public health implications of obesity in China. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:446–61.
Google Scholar
Collaboration NRF Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet 2016;387:1377–96.
Google Scholar
Ralston J, Brinsden H, Buse K, Candeias V, Caterson I, Hassell T, et al. Time for a new obesity narrative. Lancet 2018;392:1384–6.
Google Scholar
Ma Y, Ajnakina O, Steptoe A, Cadar D. Higher risk of dementia in English older individuals who are overweight or obese. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49:1353–65.
Google Scholar
De Silva A, Salem V, Matthews PM, Dhillo WS. The use of functional MRI to study appetite control in the CNS. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012;2012:764017.
Google Scholar
Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N, Budge M, Young J. Body mass index in midlife and late-life as a risk factor for dementia: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Obes Rev. 2011;12:e426–e437.
Google Scholar
Fox MD, Raichle ME. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2007;8:700–11.
Google Scholar
Belfort-DeAguiar R, Seo D, Lacadie C, Naik S, Schmidt C, Lam W, et al. Humans with obesity have disordered brain responses to food images during physiological hyperglycemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2018;314:E522–E529.
Google Scholar
Blechert J, Klackl J, Miedl SF, Wilhelm FH. To eat or not to eat: Effects of food availability on reward system activity during food picture viewing. Appetite 2016;99:254–61.
Google Scholar
Bogdanov VB, Bogdanova OV, Dexpert S, Delgado I, Beyer H, Aubert A, et al. Reward-related brain activity and behavior are associated with peripheral ghrelin levels in obesity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020;112:104520.
Google Scholar
Bohon C. Brain response to taste in overweight children: A pilot feasibility study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e172604.
Google Scholar
Carnell S, Benson L, Chang KV, Wang Z, Huo Y, Geliebter A, et al. Neural correlates of familial obesity risk and overweight in adolescence. Neuroimage 2017;159:236–47.
Google Scholar
Chin SH, Kahathuduwa CN, Stearns MB, Davis T, Binks M. Is hunger important to model in fMRI visual food-cue reactivity paradigms in adults with obesity and how should this be done? Appetite 2018;120:388–97.
Google Scholar
Demos KE, Sweet LH, Hart CN, McCaffery JM, Williams SE, Mailloux KA, et al. The effects of experimental manipulation of sleep duration on neural response to food cues. Sleep 2017;40:zsx125.
Google Scholar
Dodd SL, Long JD, Hou J, Kahathuduwa CN, O’Boyle MW. Brain activation and affective judgements in response to personal dietary images: An fMRI preliminary study. Appetite 2020;148:104561.
Google Scholar
Ebrahimi C, Koch SP, Pietrock C, Fydrich T, Heinz A, Schlagenhauf F. Opposing roles for amygdala and vmPFC in the return of appetitive conditioned responses in humans. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:148.
Google Scholar
Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Harris JL, Epstein LH, Lumeng JC. Neural response to fast food commercials in adolescents predicts intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111:493–502.
Google Scholar
Geha P, Cecchi G, Todd CR, Abdallah C, Small DM. Reorganization of brain connectivity in obesity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:1403–20.
Google Scholar
Han P, Roitzsch C, Horstmann A, Possel M, Hummel T. Increased brain reward responsivity to food-related odors in obesity. Obesity. 2021;29:1138–45.
Google Scholar
Jacobson A, Green E, Haase L, Szajer J, Murphy C. Differential effects of BMI on brain response to odor in olfactory, reward and memory regions: evidence from fMRI. Nutrients 2019;11:926.
Google Scholar
Masterson TD, Bermudez MA, Austen M, Lundquist E, Pearce AL, Bruce AS, et al. Food commercials do not affect energy intake in a laboratory meal but do alter brain responses to visual food cues in children. Appetite 2019;132:154–65.
Google Scholar
Puzziferri N, Zigman JM, Thomas BP, Mihalakos P, Gallagher R, Lutter M, et al. Brain imaging demonstrates a reduced neural impact of eating in obesity. Obesity. 2016;24:829–36.
Google Scholar
Shearrer GE, Stice E, Burger KS. Adolescents at high risk of obesity show greater striatal response to increased sugar content in milkshakes. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107:859–66.
Google Scholar
Stopyra MA, Friederich HC, Lavandier N, Monning E, Bendszus M, Herzog W, et al. Homeostasis and food craving in obesity: a functional MRI study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021;45:2464–70.
Google Scholar
Veit R, Horstman LI, Hege MA, Heni M, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, et al. Health, pleasure, and fullness: changing mindset affects brain responses and portion size selection in adults with overweight and obesity. Int J Obes. 2020;44:428–37.
Google Scholar
Wiemerslage L, Nilsson EK, Solstrand DL, Ence-Eriksson F, Castillo S, Larsen AL, et al. An obesity-associated risk allele within the FTO gene affects human brain activity for areas important for emotion, impulse control and reward in response to food images. Eur J Neurosci. 2016;43:1173–80.
Google Scholar
Winter SR, Yokum S, Stice E, Osipowicz K, Lowe MR. Elevated reward response to receipt of palatable food predicts future weight variability in healthy-weight adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;105:781–89.
Google Scholar
Morys F, Bode S, Horstmann A. Dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortex mediate the influence of incidental priming on economic decision making in obesity. Sci Rep. 2018;8:17595.
Google Scholar
Hsu JS, Wang PW, Ko CH, Hsieh TJ, Chen CY, Yen JY. Altered brain correlates of response inhibition and error processing in females with obesity and sweet food addiction: A functional magnetic imaging study. Obes Res Clin Pr. 2017;11:677–86.
Google Scholar
Kube J, Mathar D, Horstmann A, Kotz SA, Villringer A, Neumann J. Altered monetary loss processing and reinforcement-based learning in individuals with obesity. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12:1431–49.
Google Scholar
Janssen LK, Duif I, van Loon I, Wegman J, de Vries J, Cools R, et al. Loss of lateral prefrontal cortex control in food-directed attention and goal-directed food choice in obesity. Neuroimage 2017;146:148–56.
Google Scholar
Merchant JS, Cosme D, Giuliani NR, Dirks B, Berkman ET. Neural substrates of food valuation and its relationship with BMI and healthy eating in higher BMI Individuals. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:578676.
Google Scholar
Verdejo-Roman J, Fornito A, Soriano-Mas C, Vilar-Lopez R, Verdejo-Garcia A. Independent functional connectivity networks underpin food and monetary reward sensitivity in excess weight. Neuroimage 2017;146:293–300.
Google Scholar
Verdejo-Roman J, Vilar-Lopez R, Navas JF, Soriano-Mas C, Verdejo-Garcia A. Brain reward system’s alterations in response to food and monetary stimuli in overweight and obese individuals. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:666–77.
Google Scholar
Contreras-Rodriguez O, Mata F, Verdejo-Roman J, Ramirez-Bernabe R, Moreno D, Vilar-Lopez R, et al. Neural-based valuation of functional foods among lean and obese individuals. Nutr Res. 2020;78:27–35.
Google Scholar
Simon JJ, Becker A, Sinno MH, Skunde M, Bendszus M, Preissl H, et al. Neural food reward processing in successful and unsuccessful weight maintenance. Obesity. 2018;26:895–902.
Google Scholar
Spetter MS, Feld GB, Thienel M, Preissl H, Hege MA, Hallschmid M. Oxytocin curbs calorie intake via food-specific increases in the activity of brain areas that process reward and establish cognitive control. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2736.
Google Scholar
Weygandt M, Spranger J, Leupelt V, Maurer L, Bobbert T, Mai K, et al. Interactions between neural decision-making circuits predict long-term dietary treatment success in obesity. Neuroimage 2019;184:520–34.
Google Scholar
Zhang W, Li G, Manza P, Hu Y, Wang J, Lv G, et al. Functional abnormality of the executive control network in individuals with obesity during delay discounting. Cereb Cortex. 2022;32:2013–21.
Google Scholar
Cheke LG, Bonnici HM, Clayton NS, Simons JS. Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with reduced activity in core memory regions of the brain. Neuropsychologia 2017;96:137–49.
Google Scholar
Zhao J, Long Z, Li Y, Qin Y, Liu Y. Alteration of regional heterogeneity and functional connectivity for obese undergraduates: evidence from resting-state fMRI. Brain Imaging Behav. 2022;16:627–36.
Google Scholar
Baek K, Morris LS, Kundu P, Voon V. Disrupted resting-state brain network properties in obesity: decreased global and putaminal cortico-striatal network efficiency. Psychol Med. 2017;47:585–96.
Google Scholar
Beyer F, Kharabian MS, Huntenburg JM, Lampe L, Luck T, Riedel-Heller SG, et al. Higher body mass index is associated with reduced posterior default mode connectivity in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp. 2017;38:3502–15.
Google Scholar
Contreras-Rodriguez O, Martin-Perez C, Vilar-Lopez R, Verdejo-Garcia A. Ventral and dorsal striatum networks in obesity: link to food craving and weight gain. Biol Psychiatry. 2017;81:789–96.
Google Scholar
Ding Y, Ji G, Li G, Zhang W, Hu Y, Liu L, et al. Altered interactions among resting-state networks in individuals with obesity. Obesity. 2020;28:601–08.
Google Scholar
Gupta A, Mayer EA, Labus JS, Bhatt RR, Ju T, Love A, et al. Sex commonalities and differences in obesity-related alterations in intrinsic brain activity and connectivity. Obesity. 2018;26:340–50.
Google Scholar
Legget KT, Wylie KP, Cornier MA, Berman BD, Tregellas JR. Altered between-network connectivity in individuals prone to obesity. Physiol Behav. 2021;229:113242.
Google Scholar
Meng Q, Han Y, Ji G, Li G, Hu Y, Liu L, et al. Disrupted topological organization of the frontal-mesolimbic network in obese patients. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12:1544–55.
Google Scholar
Moreno-Lopez L, Contreras-Rodriguez O, Soriano-Mas C, Stamatakis EA, Verdejo-Garcia A. Disrupted functional connectivity in adolescent obesity. Neuroimage Clin. 2016;12:262–8.
Google Scholar
Nakamura Y, Ikuta T. Caudate-precuneus functional connectivity is associated with obesity preventive eating tendency. Brain Connect. 2017;7:211–7.
Google Scholar
Park BY, Byeon K, Lee MJ, Chung CS, Kim SH, Morys F, et al. Whole-brain functional connectivity correlates of obesity phenotypes. Hum Brain Mapp. 2020;41:4912–24.
Google Scholar
Park BY, Seo J, Park H. Functional brain networks associated with eating behaviors in obesity. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23891.
Google Scholar
Rashid B, Dev SI, Esterman M, Schwarz NF, Ferland T, Fortenbaugh FC, et al. Aberrant patterns of default-mode network functional connectivity associated with metabolic syndrome: A resting-state study. Brain Behav. 2019;9:e1333.
Google Scholar
Ravichandran S, Bhatt RR, Pandit B, Osadchiy V, Alaverdyan A, Vora P, et al. Alterations in reward network functional connectivity are associated with increased food addiction in obese individuals. Sci Rep. 2021;11:3386.
Google Scholar
Shapiro A, Johnson SL, Sutton B, Legget KT, Dabelea D, Tregellas JR. Eating in the absence of hunger in young children is related to brain reward network hyperactivity and reduced functional connectivity in executive control networks. Pediatr Obes. 2019;14:e12502.
Google Scholar
Tan Z, Li G, Zhang W, Wang J, Hu Y, Li H, et al. Obese individuals show disrupted dynamic functional connectivity between basal ganglia and salience networks. Cereb Cortex. 2021;31:5676–85.
Google Scholar
Zhang P, Liu Y, Lv H, Li MY, Yu FX, Wang Z, et al. Integration of neural reward processing and appetite-related signaling in obese females: evidence from resting-state fMRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;50:541–51.
Google Scholar
Zhang P, Liu Y, Yu FX, Wu GW, Li MY, Wang Z, et al. Hierarchical integrated processing of reward-related regions in obese males: A graph-theoretical-based study. Appetite 2021;159:105055.
Google Scholar
Zhang P, Wu GW, Yu FX, Liu Y, Li MY, Wang Z, et al. Abnormal regional neural activity and reorganized neural network in obesity: evidence from resting-state fMRI. Obesity. 2020;28:1283–91.
Google Scholar
Pflanz CP, Tozer DJ, Harshfield EL, Tay J, Farooqi S, Markus HS. Central obesity is selectively associated with cerebral gray matter atrophy in 15,634 subjects in the UK Biobank. Int J Obes. 2022;46:1059–67.
Google Scholar
Honea RA, Szabo-Reed AN, Lepping RJ, Perea R, Breslin F, Martin LE, et al. Voxel-based morphometry reveals brain gray matter volume changes in successful dieters. Obesity. 2016;24:1842–48.
Google Scholar
Kakoschke N, Lorenzetti V, Caeyenberghs K, Verdejo-Garcia A. Impulsivity and body fat accumulation are linked to cortical and subcortical brain volumes among adolescents and adults. Sci Rep. 2019;9:2580.
Google Scholar
Ludwig M, Richter M, Goltermann J, Redlich R, Repple J, Flint C, et al. Novelty seeking is associated with increased body weight and orbitofrontal grey matter volume reduction. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2021;126:105148.
Google Scholar
Migueles JH, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Esteban-Cornejo I, Mora-Gonzalez J, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Solis-Urra P, et al. Associations of sleep with gray matter volume and their implications for academic achievement, executive function and intelligence in children with overweight/obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2021;16:e12707.
Google Scholar
Migueles JH, Martinez-Nicolas A, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Esteban-Cornejo I, Muntaner-Mas A, Mora-Gonzalez J, et al. Activity-rest circadian pattern and academic achievement, executive function, and intelligence in children with obesity. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2021;31:653–64.
Google Scholar
Mokhtari F, Paolini BM, Burdette JH, Marsh AP, Rejeski WJ, Laurienti PJ. Baseline gray- and white-matter volume predict successful weight loss in the elderly. Obesity. 2016;24:2475–80.
Google Scholar
Nouwen A, Chambers A, Chechlacz M, Higgs S, Blissett J, Barrett TG, et al. Microstructural abnormalities in white and gray matter in obese adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes. Neuroimage Clin. 2017;16:43–51.
Google Scholar
Opel N, Redlich R, Kaehler C, Grotegerd D, Dohm K, Heindel W, et al. Prefrontal gray matter volume mediates genetic risks for obesity. Mol Psychiatry. 2017;22:703–10.
Google Scholar
Parcet MA, Adrian-Ventura J, Costumero V, Avila C. Individual differences in hippocampal volume as a function of BMI and reward sensitivity. Front Behav Neurosci. 2020;14:53.
Google Scholar
Perlaki G, Molnar D, Smeets P, Ahrens W, Wolters M, Eiben G, et al. Volumetric gray matter measures of amygdala and accumbens in childhood overweight/obesity. PLoS One. 2018;13:e205331.
Google Scholar
Sweat V, Yates KF, Migliaccio R, Convit A. Obese adolescents show reduced cognitive processing speed compared with healthy weight peers. Child Obes. 2017;13:190–6.
Google Scholar
Thapaliya G, Chen L, Jansen E, Smith KR, Sadler JR, Benson L, et al. Familial obesity risk and current excess weight influence brain structure in adolescents. Obesity. 2021;29:184–93.
Google Scholar
Tungler A, Van der Auwera S, Wittfeld K, Frenzel S, Terock J, Roder N, et al. Body mass index but not genetic risk is longitudinally associated with altered structural brain parameters. Sci Rep. 2021;11:24246.
Google Scholar
Turan S, Sarioglu FC, Erbas IM, Cavusoglu B, Karagoz E, Sisman AR, et al. Altered regional grey matter volume and appetite-related hormone levels in adolescent obesity with or without binge-eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord. 2021;26:2555–62.
Google Scholar
Wang H, Wen B, Cheng J, Li H. Brain structural differences between normal and obese adults and their links with lack of perseverance, negative urgency, and sensation seeking. Sci Rep. 2017;7:40595.
Google Scholar
Yokum S, Stice E. Initial body fat gain is related to brain volume changes in adolescents: A repeated-measures voxel-based morphometry study. Obesity. 2017;25:401–7.
Google Scholar
Opel N, Thalamuthu A, Milaneschi Y, Grotegerd D, Flint C, Leenings R, et al. Brain structural abnormalities in obesity: relation to age, genetic risk, and common psychiatric disorders: Evidence through univariate and multivariate mega-analysis including 6420 participants from the ENIGMA MDD working group. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26:4839–52.
Google Scholar
Beyer F, Garcia-Garcia I, Heinrich M, Schroeter ML, Sacher J, Luck T, et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of food addiction symptoms and body mass index in the general population. Hum Brain Mapp. 2019;40:2747–58.
Google Scholar
Medic N, Ziauddeen H, Ersche KD, Farooqi IS, Bullmore ET, Nathan PJ, et al. Increased body mass index is associated with specific regional alterations in brain structure. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40:1177–82.
Google Scholar
Ronan L, Alexander-Bloch A, Fletcher PC. Childhood obesity, cortical structure, and executive function in healthy children. Cereb Cortex. 2020;30:2519–28.
Google Scholar
Saute RL, Soder RB, Alves FJ, Baldisserotto M, Franco AR. Increased brain cortical thickness associated with visceral fat in adolescents. Pediatr Obes. 2018;13:74–7.
Google Scholar
Solis-Urra P, Esteban-Cornejo I, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Verdejo-Roman J, Labayen I, Catena A, et al. Early life factors and white matter microstructure in children with overweight and obesity: The ActiveBrains project. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:40–8.
Google Scholar
Estella NM, Sanches LG, Maranhao MF, Hoexter MQ, Schmidt U, Campbell IC, et al. Brain white matter microstructure in obese women with binge eating disorder. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2020;28:525–35.
Google Scholar
Kullmann S, Callaghan MF, Heni M, Weiskopf N, Scheffler K, Haring HU, et al. Specific white matter tissue microstructure changes associated with obesity. Neuroimage 2016;125:36–44.
Google Scholar
Ottino-Gonzalez J, Jurado MA, Garcia-Garcia I, Segura B, Marques-Iturria I, Sender-Palacios MJ, et al. Allostatic load and disordered white matter microstructure in overweight adults. Sci Rep. 2018;8:15898.
Google Scholar
Papageorgiou I, Astrakas LG, Xydis V, Alexiou GA, Bargiotas P, Tzarouchi L, et al. Abnormalities of brain neural circuits related to obesity: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging study. Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;37:116–21.
Google Scholar
Repple J, Opel N, Meinert S, Redlich R, Hahn T, Winter NR, et al. Elevated body-mass index is associated with reduced white matter integrity in two large independent cohorts. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2018;91:179–85.
Google Scholar
Reyes S, Rimkus CM, Lozoff B, Biswal BB, Peirano P, Algarin C. Assessing cognitive control and the reward system in overweight young adults using sensitivity to incentives and white matter integrity. PLoS One. 2020;15:e233915.
Google Scholar
Spindler M, Ozyurt J, Thiel CM. Automated diffusion-based parcellation of the hypothalamus reveals subunit-specific associations with obesity. Sci Rep. 2020;10:22238.
Google Scholar
Takeuchi H, Taki Y, Nouchi R, Yokoyama R, Nakagawa S, Iizuka K, et al. The associations of BMI with mean diffusivity of basal ganglia among young adults with mild obesity and without obesity. Sci Rep. 2020;10:12566.
Google Scholar
van Bloemendaal L, Ijzerman RG, Ten KJ, Barkhof F, Diamant M, Veltman DJ, et al. Alterations in white matter volume and integrity in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Metab Brain Dis. 2016;31:621–9.
Google Scholar
Zhang R, Beyer F, Lampe L, Luck T, Riedel-Heller SG, Loeffler M, et al. White matter microstructural variability mediates the relation between obesity and cognition in healthy adults. Neuroimage 2018;172:239–49.
Google Scholar
Medic N, Kochunov P, Ziauddeen H, Ersche KD, Nathan PJ, Ronan L, et al. BMI-related cortical morphometry changes are associated with altered white matter structure. Int J Obes. 2019;43:523–32.
Google Scholar
Adise S, Allgaier N, Laurent J, Hahn S, Chaarani B, Owens M, et al. Multimodal brain predictors of current weight and weight gain in children enrolled in the ABCD study (R). Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2021;49:100948.
Google Scholar
Alarcon G, Ray S, Nagel BJ. Lower working memory performance in overweight and obese adolescents is mediated by white matter microstructure. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016;22:281–92.
Google Scholar
Augustijn M, Di Biase MA, Zalesky A, Van Acker L, De Guchtenaere A, D’Hondt E, et al. Structural connectivity and weight loss in children with obesity: a study of the “connectobese”. Int J Obes. 2019;43:2309–21.
Google Scholar
Burdette JH, Laurienti PJ, Miron LL, Bahrami M, Simpson SL, Nicklas BJ, et al. Functional brain networks: unique patterns with hedonic appetite and confidence to resist eating in older adults with obesity. Obesity. 2020;28:2379–88.
Google Scholar
Byeon K, Park BY, Park H. Spatially guided functional correlation tensor: A new method to associate body mass index and white matter neuroimaging. Comput Biol Med. 2019;107:137–44.
Google Scholar
Chao SH, Liao YT, Chen VC, Li CJ, McIntyre RS, Lee Y, et al. Correlation between brain circuit segregation and obesity. Behav Brain Res. 2018;337:218–27.
Google Scholar
Chen PA, Chavez RS, Heatherton TF. Structural integrity between executive control and reward regions of the brain predicts body fat percentage in chronic dieters. Cogn Neurosci. 2017;8:162–6.
Google Scholar
de Groot CJ, van den Akker E, Rings E, Delemarre-van DWH, van der Grond J. Brain structure, executive function and appetitive traits in adolescent obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2017;12:e33–e36.
Google Scholar
Donofry SD, Jakicic JM, Rogers RJ, Watt JC, Roecklein KA, Erickson KI. Comparison of food cue-evoked and resting-state functional connectivity in obesity. Psychosom Med. 2020;82:261–71.
Google Scholar
Figley CR, Asem JS, Levenbaum EL, Courtney SM. Effects of body mass index and body fat percent on default mode, executive control, and salience network structure and function. Front Neurosci. 2016;10:234.
Google Scholar
Gogniat MA, Robinson TL, Mewborn CM, Jean KR, Miller LS. Body mass index and its relation to neuropsychological functioning and brain volume in healthy older adults. Behav Brain Res. 2018;348:235–40.
Google Scholar
Gupta A, Mayer EA, Hamadani K, Bhatt R, Fling C, Alaverdyan M, et al. Sex differences in the influence of body mass index on anatomical architecture of brain networks. Int J Obes. 2017;41:1185–95.
Google Scholar
Ho MC, Chen VC, Chao SH, Fang CT, Liu YC, Weng JC. Neural correlates of executive functions in patients with obesity. Peerj 2018;6:e5002.
Google Scholar
Li G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Ding Y, Wang Y, Wang J, et al. Resting activity of the hippocampus and amygdala in obese individuals predicts their response to food cues. Addict Biol. 2021;26:e12974.
Google Scholar
Luo X, Li K, Jia YL, Zeng Q, Jiaerken Y, Qiu T, et al. Abnormal of inter-hemispheric functional connectivity in elderly subjects with overweight/obesity. Obes Res Clin Pr. 2018;12:555–61.
Google Scholar
Mestre ZL, Bischoff-Grethe A, Eichen DM, Wierenga CE, Strong D, Boutelle KN. Hippocampal atrophy and altered brain responses to pleasant tastes among obese compared with healthy weight children. Int J Obes. 2017;41:1496–502.
Google Scholar
Park BY, Lee MJ, Kim M, Kim SH, Park H. Structural and functional brain connectivity changes between people with abdominal and non-abdominal obesity and their association with behaviors of eating disorders. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:741.
Google Scholar
Singh MK, Leslie SM, Packer MM, Zaiko YV, Phillips OR, Weisman EF, et al. Brain and behavioral correlates of insulin resistance in youth with depression and obesity. Horm Behav. 2019;108:73–83.
Google Scholar
Syan SK, Owens MM, Goodman B, Epstein LH, Meyre D, Sweet LH, et al. Deficits in executive function and suppression of default mode network in obesity. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;24:102015.
Google Scholar
Thomas K, Beyer F, Lewe G, Zhang R, Schindler S, Schonknecht P, et al. Higher body mass index is linked to altered hypothalamic microstructure. Sci Rep. 2019;9:17373.
Google Scholar
Timper K, Bruning JC. Hypothalamic circuits regulating appetite and energy homeostasis: pathways to obesity. Dis Model Mech. 2017;10:679–89.
Google Scholar
Koliaki C, Liatis S, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. The implication of gut hormones in the regulation of energy homeostasis and their role in the pathophysiology of obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2020;9:255–71.
Google Scholar
Rossi MA, Stuber GD. Overlapping brain circuits for homeostatic and hedonic feeding. Cell Metab. 2018;27:42–56.
Google Scholar
Esteban-Cornejo I, Stillman CM, Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Kramer AF, Hillman CH, Catena A, et al. Physical fitness, hippocampal functional connectivity and academic performance in children with overweight/obesity: The ActiveBrains project. Brain Behav Immun. 2021;91:284–95.
Google Scholar
Wang GJ, Zhao J, Tomasi D, Kojori ES, Wang R, Wiers CE, et al. Effect of combined naltrexone and bupropion therapy on the brain’s functional connectivity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2018;42:1890–9.
Google Scholar
Kullmann S, Veit R, Peter A, Pohmann R, Scheffler K, Haring HU, et al. Dose-dependent effects of intranasal insulin on resting-state brain activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:253–62.
Google Scholar
Striepens N, Schroter F, Stoffel-Wagner B, Maier W, Hurlemann R, Scheele D. Oxytocin enhances cognitive control of food craving in women. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:4276–85.
Google Scholar
van Ruiten CC, Ten KJ, van Bloemendaal L, Nieuwdorp M, Veltman DJ, IJzerman RG. Eating behavior modulates the sensitivity to the central effects of GLP-1 receptor agonist treatment: a secondary analysis of a randomized trial. Psychoneuroendocrino. 2022;137:105667.
Google Scholar
Peterli R, Wolnerhanssen BK, Peters T, Vetter D, Kroll D, Borbely Y, et al. Effect of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy vs laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass on weight loss in patients with morbid obesity: The SM-BOSS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2018;319:255–65.
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Ji G, Li G, Hu Y, Liu L, Jin Q, et al. Ghrelin reductions following bariatric surgery were associated with decreased resting state activity in the hippocampus. Int J Obes. 2019;43:842–51.
Google Scholar
Hu Y, Ji G, Li G, Manza P, Zhang W, Wang J, et al. Brain connectivity, and hormonal and behavioral correlates of sustained weight loss in obese patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Cereb Cortex. 2021;31:1284–95.
Google Scholar
Li G, Ji G, Hu Y, Liu L, Jin Q, Zhang W, et al. Reduced plasma ghrelin concentrations are associated with decreased brain reactivity to food cues after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;100:229–36.
Google Scholar
Tuulari JJ, Karlsson HK, Antikainen O, Hirvonen J, Pham T, Salminen P, et al. Bariatric surgery induces white and grey matter density recovery in the morbidly obese: a voxel-based morphometric study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:3745–56.
Google Scholar
Zhang Y, Ji G, Xu M, Cai W, Zhu Q, Qian L, et al. Recovery of brain structural abnormalities in morbidly obese patients after bariatric surgery. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40:1558–65.
Google Scholar
Kohl SH, Veit R, Spetter MS, Gunther A, Rina A, Luhrs M, et al. Real-time fMRI neurofeedback training to improve eating behavior by self-regulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A randomized controlled trial in overweight and obese subjects. Neuroimage 2019;191:596–609.
Google Scholar
Ghobadi-Azbari P, Malmir N, Vartanian M, Mahdavifar-Khayati R, Robatmili S, Hadian V, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation to modulate brain reactivity to food cues in overweight and obese adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial with fMRI (NeuroStim-Obesity). Trials 2022;23:297.
Google Scholar
Kim SH, Park BY, Byeon K, Park H, Kim Y, Eun YM, et al. The effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting-state functional connectivity in obese adults. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:1956–66.
Google Scholar
Ghobadi-Azbari P, Mahdavifar KR, Sangchooli A, Ekhtiari H. Task-dependent effective connectivity of the reward network during food cue-reactivity: a dynamic causal modeling investigation. Front Behav Neurosci. 2022;16:899605.
Google Scholar
Rapuano KM, Huckins JF, Sargent JD, Heatherton TF, Kelley WM. Individual differences in reward and somatosensory-motor brain regions correlate with adiposity in adolescents. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26:2602–11.
Google Scholar
Ulrich M, Endres F, Kolle M, Adolph O, Widenhorn-Muller K, Gron G. Glucose modulates food-related salience coding of midbrain neurons in humans. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37:4376–84.
Google Scholar
Sadler JR, Shearrer GE, Papantoni A, Yokum ST, Stice E, Burger KS. Correlates of neural adaptation to food cues and taste: the role of obesity risk factors. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab018.
Jastreboff AM, Sinha R, Arora J, Giannini C, Kubat J, Malik S, et al. Altered brain response to drinking glucose and fructose in obese adolescents. Diabetes 2016;65:1929–39.
Google Scholar
Michaud A, Vainik U, Garcia-Garcia I, Dagher A. Overlapping neural endophenotypes in addiction and obesity. Front Endocrinol. 2017;8:127.
Google Scholar
Miranda-Olivos R, Steward T, Martinez-Zalacain I, Mestre-Bach G, Juaneda-Segui A, Jimenez-Murcia S, et al. The neural correlates of delay discounting in obesity and binge eating disorder. J Behav Addict. 2021;10:498–507.
Google Scholar
Steward T, Menchon JM, Jimenez-Murcia S, Soriano-Mas C, Fernandez-Aranda F. Neural network alterations across eating disorders: a narrative review of fMRI studies. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16:1150–63.
Google Scholar
Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Baler RD. The addictive dimensionality of obesity. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;73:811–8.
Google Scholar
Loprinzi PD, Frith E. Obesity and episodic memory function. J Physiol Sci. 2018;68:321–31.
Google Scholar
Tan Z, Hu Y, Ji G, Li G, Ding Y, Zhang W, et al. Alterations in functional and structural connectivity of basal ganglia network in patients with obesity. Brain Topogr. 2022;35:453–63.
Google Scholar
Voigt K, Razi A, Harding IH, Andrews ZB, Verdejo-Garcia A. Neural network modelling reveals changes in directional connectivity between cortical and hypothalamic regions with increased BMI. Int J Obes. 2021;45:2447–54.
Google Scholar
Avery JA, Powell JN, Breslin FJ, Lepping RJ, Martin LE, Patrician TM, et al. Obesity is associated with altered mid-insula functional connectivity to limbic regions underlying appetitive responses to foods. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:1475–84.
Google Scholar
Hogenkamp PS, Zhou W, Dahlberg LS, Stark J, Larsen AL, Olivo G, et al. Higher resting-state activity in reward-related brain circuits in obese versus normal-weight females independent of food intake. Int J Obes. 2016;40:1687–92.
Google Scholar
Shaw ME, Sachdev PS, Abhayaratna W, Anstey KJ, Cherbuin N. Body mass index is associated with cortical thinning with different patterns in mid- and late-life. Int J Obes. 2018;42:455–61.
Google Scholar
Franz CE, Xian H, Lew D, Hatton SN, Puckett O, Whitsel N, et al. Body mass trajectories and cortical thickness in middle-aged men: a 42-year longitudinal study starting in young adulthood. Neurobiol Aging. 2019;79:11–21.
Google Scholar
Bobb JF, Schwartz BS, Davatzikos C, Caffo B. Cross-sectional and longitudinal association of body mass index and brain volume. Hum Brain Mapp. 2014;35:75–88.
Google Scholar
Arnoldussen IAC, Gustafson DR, Leijsen EMC, de Leeuw FE, Kiliaan AJ. Adiposity is related to cerebrovascular and brain volumetry outcomes in the RUN DMC study. Neurology 2019;93:e864–e878.
Google Scholar
Steward T, Pico-Perez M, Mestre-Bach G, Martinez-Zalacain I, Sunol M, Jimenez-Murcia S, et al. A multimodal MRI study of the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation impairment in women with obesity. Transl Psychiatry. 2019;9:194.
Google Scholar
Dekkers IA, Jansen PR, Lamb HJ. Obesity, brain volume, and white matter microstructure at MRI: A cross-sectional UK Biobank Study. Radiology 2019;291:763–71.
Google Scholar
Rapuano KM, Laurent JS, Hagler DJ, Hatton SN, Thompson WK, Jernigan TL, et al. Nucleus accumbens cytoarchitecture predicts weight gain in children. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:26977–84.
Google Scholar
Wang J, Ji G, Li G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Ji W et al. Habenular connectivity predict weight loss and negative emotional-related eating behavior after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Cereb Cortex. 2022; https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac191.
Doornweerd S, De Geus EJ, Barkhof F, Van Bloemendaal L, Boomsma DI, Van Dongen JV, et al. Brain reward responses to food stimuli among female monozygotic twins discordant for BMI. Brain Imaging Behav. 2018;12:718–27.
Google Scholar
Carbine KA, Duraccio KM, Kirwan CB, Muncy NM, LeCheminant JD, Larson MJ. A direct comparison between ERP and fMRI measurements of food-related inhibitory control: Implications for BMI status and dietary intake. NeuroImage 2018;166:335–48.
Google Scholar
Friedman JM. Leptin and the endocrine control of energy balance. Nat Metab. 2019;1:754–64.
Google Scholar
Martín MÁ, Ramos S. Dietary Flavonoids and Insulin signaling in diabetes and obesity. Cells 2021;10:1474.
Google Scholar
Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev. 2017;97:411–63.
Google Scholar
Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S Genetic Syndromes Associated with Obesity. in: Jameson JL, De Groot LJ (Eds.). Endocrinology: Adult and Pediatric. 7th Edition, Saunders, Elsevier. 2016;491–7.e2.
Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerda’n MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, et al. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 2001;411:480–4.
Google Scholar
Anderson EJ, Çakir I, Carrington SJ, Cone RD, Ghamari-Langroudi M, Gillyard T, et al. 60 YEARS OF POMC: Regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis by α-MSH. J Mol Endocrinol. 2016;56:T157–74.
Google Scholar
Blanco EH, Ramos-Molina B, Lindberg I. Revisiting PC1/3 Mutants: Dominant-negative effect of endoplasmic reticulum-retained mutants. Endocrinology 2015;156:3625–37.
Google Scholar
Baldini G, Phelan KD. The melanocortin pathway and control of appetite-progress and therapeutic implications. J Endocrinol. 2019;241:R1–R33.
Google Scholar
Chang JY, Park JH, Park SE, Shon J, Park YJ. The Fat Mass- and Obesity-Associated (FTO) gene to obesity: lessons from mouse models. Obesity. 2018;26:1674–86.
Google Scholar
Hong S, Dimitrov S, Pruitt C, Shaikh F, Beg N. Benefit of physical fitness against inflammation in obesity: Role of beta adrenergic receptors. Brain Behav Immun 2014;39:113–20.
Google Scholar
Ochoa MC, Marti A, Azcona C, Chueca M, Oyarza’bal M, Pelach R, et al. Gene–gene interaction between PPAR gamma 2 and ADR beta 3 increases obesity risk in children and adolescents. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:S37–S41.
Google Scholar
Miranda RC, Vetter SB, Genro JP, Campagnolo PD, Mattevi VS, Vitolo MR, et al. SLC6A14 and 5-HTR2C polymorphisms are associated with food intake and nutritional status in children. Clin Biochem. 2015;48:1277–82.
Google Scholar
Singh RK, Kumar P, Mahalingam K. Molecular genetics of human obesity: A comprehensive review. Comptes Rendus Biologies. 2017;340:87–108.
Google Scholar
Loos RJF, Burant C, Schur E. Strategies to understand the weight-reduced state: genetics and brain imaging. Obesity. 2021;29:S39–S50.
Google Scholar
Marques-Iturria I, Garolera M, Pueyo R, Segura B, Hernan I, Garcia-Garcia I, et al. The interaction effect between BDNF val66met polymorphism and obesity on executive functions and frontal structure. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2014;165B:245–53.
Google Scholar
Beyer F, Zhang R, Scholz M, Wirkner K, Loeffler M, Stumvoll M, et al. Higher BMI, but not obesity-related genetic polymorphisms, correlates with lower structural connectivity of the reward network in a population-based study. Int J Obes. 2021;45:491–501.
Google Scholar
Volkow ND, Wise RA. How can drug addiction help us understand obesity? Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:555–60.
Google Scholar
Volkow ND, Wise RA, Baler R. The dopamine motive system: implications for drug and food addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18:741–52.
Google Scholar
Steward T, Miranda-Olivos R, Soriano-Mas C, Fernandez-Aranda F. Neuroendocrinological mechanisms underlying impulsive and compulsive behaviors in obesity: a narrative review of fMRI studies. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2019;20:263–72.
Google Scholar
Moreno-Navarrete JM, Blasco G, Puig J, Biarnes C, Rivero M, Gich J, et al. Neuroinflammation in obesity: circulating lipopolysaccharide-binding protein associates with brain structure and cognitive performance. Int J Obes. 2017;41:1627–35.
Google Scholar
Wang JL, Yang Q, Hajnal A, Rogers AM. A pilot functional MRI study in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass patients to study alteration in taste functions after surgery. Surg Endosc. 2016;30:892–98.
Google Scholar
Holsen LM, Davidson P, Cerit H, Hye T, Moondra P, Haimovici F, et al. Neural predictors of 12-month weight loss outcomes following bariatric surgery. Int J Obes. 2018;42:785–73.
Google Scholar
Baboumian S, Pantazatos SP, Kothari S, McGinty J, Holst J, Geliebter A. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of neural responses to visual and auditory food stimuli pre and post Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG). Neuroscience 2019;409:290–8.
Google Scholar
Zoon H, de Bruijn S, Jager G, Smeets P, de Graaf C, Janssen I, et al. Altered neural inhibition responses to food cues after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass. Biol Psychol. 2018;137:34–41.
Google Scholar
Gu Y, Li G, Wang J, von Deneen KM, Wu K, Yang Y, et al. Comparing the impact of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and gastric cancer surgery on resting-state brain activity and functional connectivity. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:614092.
Google Scholar
Wiemerslage L, Zhou W, Olivo G, Stark J, Hogenkamp PS, Larsson EM, et al. A resting-state fMRI study of obese females between pre- and postprandial states before and after bariatric surgery. Eur J Neurosci. 2017;45:333–41.
Google Scholar
Zeighami Y, Iceta S, Dadar M, Pelletier M, Nadeau M, Biertho L, et al. Spontaneous neural activity changes after bariatric surgery: A resting-state fMRI study. Neuroimage 2021;241:118419.
Google Scholar
Wang J, Li G, Hu Y, Zhang W, Zhang L, Tan Z, et al. Habenular and mediodorsal thalamic connectivity predict persistent weight loss after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Obesity. 2022;30:172–82.
Google Scholar
Cerit H, Davidson P, Hye T, Moondra P, Haimovici F, Sogg S, et al. Resting-state brain connectivity predicts weight loss and cognitive control of eating behavior after vertical sleeve gastrectomy. Obesity. 2019;27:1846–55.
Google Scholar
Heinrichs HS, Beyer F, Medawar E, Prehn K, Ordemann J, Floel A, et al. Effects of bariatric surgery on functional connectivity of the reward and default mode network: A pre-registered analysis. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42:5357–73.
Google Scholar
Li G, Ji G, Hu Y, Xu M, Jin Q, Liu L, et al. Bariatric surgery in obese patients reduced resting connectivity of brain regions involved with self-referential processing. Hum Brain Mapp. 2018;39:4755–65.
Google Scholar
Li P, Shan H, Liang S, Nie B, Liu H, Duan S, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy recovering disordered brain function in subjects with obesity: a longitudinal fMRI Study. Obes Surg. 2018;28:2421–8.
Google Scholar
Li P, Shan H, Nie B, Liu H, Dong G, Guo Y, et al. Sleeve gastrectomy rescuing the altered functional connectivity of lateral but not medial hypothalamus in subjects with obesity. Obes Surg. 2019;29:2191–9.
Google Scholar
Olivo G, Zhou W, Sundbom M, Zhukovsky C, Hogenkamp P, Nikontovic L, et al. Resting-state brain connectivity changes in obese women after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: A longitudinal study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:6616.
Google Scholar
Zhang W, Ji G, Manza P, Li G, Hu Y, Wang J, et al. Connectome-based prediction of optimal weight loss six months after bariatric surgery. Cereb Cortex. 2021;31:2561–73.
Google Scholar
Wang Y, Ji G, Hu Y, Li G, Ding Y, Hu C, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy induces sustained changes in gray and white matter brain volumes and resting functional connectivity in obese patients. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2020;16:1–9.
Google Scholar
Liu L, Ji G, Li G, Hu Y, Jin Q, Hu C, et al. Structural changes in brain regions involved in executive-control and self-referential processing after sleeve gastrectomy in obese patients. Brain Imaging Behav. 2019;13:830–40.
Google Scholar
Li H, Hu Y, Li G, Zhang W, Wang J, Tan Z, et al. Long-term changes in insula-mesolimbic structural and functional connectivity in obese patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Clin Auton Res. 2022;32:237–47.
Google Scholar
Bohon C, Garcia LC, Morton JM. Changes in cerebral cortical thickness related to weight loss following bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2018;28:2578–82.
Google Scholar
Bohon C, Geliebter A. Change in brain volume and cortical thickness after behavioral and surgical weight loss intervention. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;21:101640.
Google Scholar
Michaud A, Dadar M, Pelletier M, Zeighami Y, Garcia-Garcia I, Iceta S, et al. Neuroanatomical changes in white and grey matter after sleeve gastrectomy. Neuroimage 2020;213:116696.
Google Scholar
Rullmann M, Preusser S, Poppitz S, Heba S, Hoyer J, Schutz T, et al. Gastric-bypass surgery induced widespread neural plasticity of the obese human brain. Neuroimage 2018;172:853–63.
Google Scholar
Hu Y, Ji G, Li G, Zhang W, Wang J, Lv G, et al. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy improves brain connectivity in obese patients. J Neurol. 2020;267:1931–40.
Google Scholar
Nota MHC, Vreeken D, Wiesmann M, Aarts EO, Hazebroek EJ, Kiliaan AJ. Obesity affects brain structure and function- rescue by bariatric surgery? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;108:646–57.
Google Scholar
Hermann P, Gal V, Kobor I, Kirwan CB, Kovacs P, Kitka T, et al. Efficacy of weight loss intervention can be predicted based on early alterations of fMRI food cue reactivity in the striatum. Neuroimage Clin. 2019;23:101803.
Google Scholar
Drummen M, Dorenbos E, Vreugdenhil A, Stratton G, Raben A, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, et al. Associations of brain reactivity to food cues with weight loss, protein intake and dietary restraint during the PREVIEW intervention. Nutrients 2018;10:1771.
Google Scholar
Stillman CM, Jakicic J, Rogers R, Alfini AJ, Smith JC, Watt J, et al. Changes in cerebral perfusion following a 12-month exercise and diet intervention. Psychophysiology 2021;58:e13589.
Google Scholar
Legget KT, Wylie KP, Cornier MA, Melanson EL, Paschall CJ, Tregellas JR. Exercise-related changes in between-network connectivity in overweight/obese adults. Physiol Behav. 2016;158:60–7.
Google Scholar
Mokhtari F, Rejeski WJ, Zhu Y, Wu G, Simpson SL, Burdette JH, et al. Dynamic fMRI networks predict success in a behavioral weight loss program among older adults. Neuroimage 2018;173:421–33.
Google Scholar
Levakov G, Kaplan A, Yaskolka MA, Rinott E, Tsaban G, Zelicha H, et al. Neural correlates of future weight loss reveal a possible role for brain-gastric interactions. Neuroimage 2021;224:117403.
Google Scholar
Rodriguez-Ayllon M, Esteban-Cornejo I, Verdejo-Roman J, Muetzel RL, Migueles JH, Mora-Gonzalez J, et al. Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and white matter microstructure in children with overweight or obesity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52:1218–26.
Google Scholar
Espeland MA, Erickson K, Neiberg RH, Jakicic JM, Wadden TA, Wing RR, et al. Brain and white matter hyperintensity volumes after 10 years of random assignment to lifestyle intervention. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:764–71.
Google Scholar
Ten KJ, Veltman DJ, van Bloemendaal L, Barkhof F, Drent ML, Diamant M, et al. Liraglutide reduces CNS activation in response to visual food cues only after short-term treatment in patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:214–21.
Google Scholar
Eissele R, Goke R, Willemer S, Harthus HP, Vermeer H, Arnold R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas of rat, pig and man. Eur J Clin Invest. 1992;22:283–91.
Google Scholar
Kreymann B, Williams G, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Glucagon-like peptide-1 7-36: a physiological incretin in man. Lancet 1987;2:1300–4.
Google Scholar
Vilsboll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, Knop FK, Gluud LL. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2012;344:d7771.
Google Scholar
Farr OM, Sofopoulos M, Tsoukas MA, Dincer F, Thakkar B, Sahin-Efe A, et al. GLP-1 receptors exist in the parietal cortex, hypothalamus and medulla of human brains and the GLP-1 analogue liraglutide alters brain activity related to highly desirable food cues in individuals with diabetes: a crossover, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetologia 2016;59:954–65.
Google Scholar
Farr OM, Upadhyay J, Rutagengwa C, DiPrisco B, Ranta Z, Adra A, et al. Longer-term liraglutide administration at the highest dose approved for obesity increases reward-related orbitofrontal cortex activation in response to food cues: Implications for plateauing weight loss in response to anti-obesity therapies. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:2459–64.
Google Scholar
Heni M, Kullmann S, Preissl H, Fritsche A, Haring HU. Impaired insulin action in the human brain: causes and metabolic consequences. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015;11:701–11.
Google Scholar
Kullmann S, Heni M, Fritsche A, Preissl H. Insulin action in the human brain: evidence from neuroimaging studies. J Neuroendocrinol. 2015;27:419–23.
Google Scholar
Hallschmid M, Benedict C, Schultes B, Fehm HL, Born J, Kern W. Intranasal insulin reduces body fat in men but not in women. Diabetes 2004;53:3024–9.
Google Scholar
Hallschmid M, Benedict C, Schultes B, Born J, Kern W. Obese men respond to cognitive but not to catabolic brain insulin signaling. Int J Obes. 2008;32:275–82.
Google Scholar
Kullmann S, Heni M, Veit R, Scheffler K, Machann J, Haring HU, et al. Selective insulin resistance in homeostatic and cognitive control brain areas in overweight and obese adults. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1044–50.
Google Scholar
Kullmann S, Heni M, Veit R, Scheffler K, Machann J, Haring HU, et al. Intranasal insulin enhances brain functional connectivity mediating the relationship between adiposity and subjective feeling of hunger. Sci Rep. 2017;7:1627.
Google Scholar
Heni M, Wagner R, Kullmann S, Gancheva S, Roden M, Peter A, et al. Hypothalamic and striatal insulin action suppresses endogenous glucose production and may stimulate glucose uptake during hyperinsulinemia in lean but not in overweight men. Diabetes 2017;66:1797–806.
Google Scholar
Kerem L, Hadjikhani N, Holsen L, Lawson EA, Plessow F. Oxytocin reduces the functional connectivity between brain regions involved in eating behavior in men with overweight and obesity. Int J Obes. 2020;44:980–9.
Google Scholar
van Ruiten CC, Veltman DJ, Nieuwdorp M, IJzerman RG. Brain activation in response to low-calorie food pictures: an explorative analysis of a randomized trial with dapagliflozin and exenatide. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:863592.
Google Scholar
Devoto F, Ferrulli A, Zapparoli L, Massarini S, Banfi G, Paulesu E, et al. Repetitive deep TMS for the reduction of body weight: Bimodal effect on the functional brain connectivity in “diabesity”. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31:1860–70.
Google Scholar
Fatakdawala I, Ayaz H, Safati A, Sakib MN, Hall PA. Effects of prefrontal theta burst stimulation on neuronal activity and subsequent eating behavior: an interleaved rTMS and fNIRS study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2021;https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsab023.
Hare TA, Camerer CF, Rangel A. Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system. Science. 2009;324:646–8.
Google Scholar
Karlsson J, Taft C, Ryden A, Sjostrom L, Sullivan M. Ten-year trends in health-related quality of life after surgical and conventional treatment for severe obesity: the SOS intervention study. Int J Obes. 2007;31:1248–61.
Google Scholar
Courcoulas AP, Christian NJ, Belle SH, Berk PD, Flum DR, Garcia L, et al. Weight change and health outcomes at 3 years after bariatric surgery among individuals with severe obesity. JAMA 2013;310:2416–25.
Google Scholar
King WC, Hinerman AS, Belle SH, Wahed AS, Courcoulas AP. Comparison of the performance of common measures of weight regain after bariatric surgery for association with clinical outcomes. JAMA 2018;320:1560–9.
Google Scholar